The geomagnetic field was quiet on December 28. Solar wind speed at SOHO ranged between 353 and 464 km/s.
Solar flux at 20h UTC on 2.8 GHz was 112.1 (increasing 17.5 over the last solar rotation). The 90 day 10.7 flux at 1 AU was 107.0. The Potsdam WDC planetary A index was 4 (STAR Ap - based on the mean of three hour interval ap indices: 4.1). Three hour interval K indices: 11122001 (planetary), 11122111 (Boulder).
The background x-ray flux is at the class B7 level.
At the time of counting spots (see image time), spots were observed in 3 active regions using 2K resolution (SN: 97) and 2 active regions using 1K resolution (SN: 49) SDO images on the visible solar disk.
Region 12472 [N03W18] decayed slowly and was mostly
quiet.
Region 12473 [S21W21] decayed slowly and produced several flares. A
magnetic delta in the central spot section had reformed by noon. Further minor M
class flares are possible.
Spotted regions not numbered (or interpreted differently) by SWPC:
New region S4987 [S05E08] emerged with a tiny spot.
C2+ flares:
| Magnitude | Peak time (UT) | Location | AR | Recorded by | Comment |
| C8.0 | 00:28 | S20W04 | 12473 | GOES15 | |
| M1.8 (LDE) | 12:45 | 12473 | GOES15 | full halo CME, proton flux enhancement. M2.6 @ SDO/EVE | |
| C7.5 | 15:31 | 12473 | GOES15 | simultaneous contribution from flare in AR 12472. M1.1 @ SDO/EVE | |
| C4.1 | 17:01 | S19W23 | 12473 | GOES15 | |
| C2.8 | 22:49 | S19W27 | 12473 | GOES15 |
December 26-27: No obviously Earth directed CMEs were observed in
available LASCO imagery.
December 28: An asymmetric full halo CME was observed after the very long
duration M1 event in AR 12473. The CME could reach Earth sometime between 09 and
21h on December 30.
[Coronal hole
history (since October 2002)]
[Compare today's report to the situation one solar rotation ago:
28 days ago
27 days ago
26 days ago]
A recurrent southern hemisphere coronal hole (CH706) appeared to be closing on December 25 and may not be capable of causing any notable geomagnetic effects. A recurrent extension (CH707) of a large northern hemisphere coronal hole will rotate into an Earth facing position on December 29-31.
Long distance low and medium frequency (below 2 MHz) propagation along paths north of due west over upper middle latitudes is poor to fair. Propagation on long distance northeast-southwest paths is poor.
The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet on December 29 and early on December 30. The CME observed on December 28 could cause unsettled to major storm conditions on December 30-31. A high speed stream associated with CH707 could prolong this disturbance until January 3 with unsettled to active conditions.
| Coronal holes (1) | Coronal mass ejection (2) | M and X class flares (3) |
1) Effects from a coronal hole could reach Earth within the
next 5 days. When the high speed stream has arrived the color changes to green.
2) Effects from a CME are likely to be observed at Earth within 96 hours.
3) There is a possibility of either M or X class flares within the next 48
hours.
Green: 0-30% probability, Yellow: 30-70% probability, Red: 70-100% probability.
(Click on image for 2K resolution).
4K resolution.
Compare to the previous day's image.
As of December 12,
2015, the active region maps are based on image products from semi-automated
sunspot counting at 4K resolution.
When available the active region map has a coronal hole polarity overlay where red (pink) is negative and blue is positive.
Data for all numbered solar regions according to the Solar Region Summary provided by NOAA/SWPC. Comments are my own, as is the STAR spot count (spots observed at or inside a few hours before midnight) and data for regions not numbered by SWPC or where SWPC has observed no spots. SWPC active region numbers in the table below and in the active region map above are the historic SWPC/USAF numbers.
| Active region | Date numbered detected |
Spot count | Location at midnight | Area | Classification | SDO / HMI 4K continuum image with magnetic polarity overlays |
Comment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWPC | Magnetic (SDO) |
SWPC | STAR | Current | Previous | ||||||
| 2K | 1K | ||||||||||
| 12472 | 2015.12.21 | 8 | 16 | 8 | N04W16 | 0020 | CRO | CRO |
 |
 |
|
| 12473 | 2015.12.21 | 36 | 50 | 21 | S22W19 | 0510 | FHC | FSC |
 |
 |
beta-gamma-delta location: S21W21 |
| S4978 | 2015.12.21 | N12W36 | |||||||||
| S4981 | 2015.12.22 | S07W16 | |||||||||
| 12475 | 2015.12.24 | N08W46 | |||||||||
| S4983 | 2015.12.24 | S22W43 | |||||||||
| S4984 | 2015.12.26 | N12W08 |
 |
||||||||
| S4985 | 2015.12.26 | N24W59 |
 |
||||||||
| S4986 | 2015.12.26 | N07E10 |
 |
||||||||
| S4987 | 2015.12.28 | 1 | S05E08 | 0002 | AXX |
 |
|||||
| Total spot count: | 44 | 67 | 29 | ||||||||
| Sunspot number: | 64 | 97 | 49 | (total spot count + 10 * number of spotted regions) | |||||||
| Weighted SN: | 57 | 75 | 37 | (Sum of total spot count + classification weighting for each AR. Classification weighting: X=0, R=3, A/S=5, H/K=10) | |||||||
| Relative sunspot number (Wolf number): | 70 | 53 | 42 | k * (sunspot number) As of July 1, 2015: k = 1.1 for SWPC, k = 0.55 for MSN 2K, k = 0.85 for MSN 1K (MSN=Magnetic Sunspot Number) |
|||||||
| Month | Average solar flux | International sunspot number (WDC-SILSO) (4) |
Smoothed sunspot number (4) | Average
ap (3) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measured | 1 AU | ||||
| 2014.02 | 170.3 (cycle peak) |
166.3 | 146.1 (cycle peak) | 110.5 (+1.2) | 10.70 |
| 2014.04 | 143.9 | 144.8 | 112.5 | 116.4 (+2.1) (solar max) | 7.88 |
| 2014.10 | 153.4 | 152.9 | 90.0 | 97.3 (-4.6) | 8.96 |
| 2014.11 | 154.8 | 151.4 | 103.6 | 94.7 (-2.6) | 9.33 |
| 2014.12 | 158.7 | 153.8 | 112.9 | 92.2 (-2.5) | 11.24 |
| 2015.01 | 141.9 | 137.3 | 93.0 | 89.3 (-2.9) | 9.46 |
| 2015.02 | 129.1 | 126.0 | 66.7 | 86.1 (-3.2) | 9.92 |
| 2015.03 | 125.9 | 124.6 | 54.5 | 82.2 (-3.9) | 16.14 |
| 2015.04 | 128.8 | 129.7 | 75.3 | 78.9 (-3.3) | 10.73 |
| 2015.05 | 120.0 | 122.6 | 88.8 | 76.0 (-2.9) | 8.29 |
| 2015.06 | 122.3 | 126.1 | 66.5 | (72.1 projected, -3.9) | 13.15 |
| 2015.07 | 107.0 | 110.8 | 66.4 | (68.4 projected, -3.7) | 8.83 |
| 2015.08 | 105.4 | 108.0 | 64.6 | (67.2 projected, -1.2) | 14.58 |
| 2015.09 | 101.7 | 102.7 | 78.1 | (67.4 projected, +0.2) | 15.78 |
| 2015.10 | 104.1 | 103.3 | 61.7 | (66.5 projected, -0.9) | 14.02 |
| 2015.11 | 109.3 | 106.9 | 63.2 | (64.5 projected, -2.0) | 12.09 |
| 2015.12 | (114.1) | 50.7 (2A) / 56.1 (2B) / 64.6 (2C) | (62.7 projected, -1.8) | (13.9) | |
1) Running average based on the daily 20:00 UTC observed solar flux value at
2800 MHz.
2A) Current impact on the monthly sunspot number based on the Boulder
(NOAA/SWPC) sunspot number (accumulated daily sunspots / month days).
2B)
Boulder SN current month average to date.
2C) STAR SDO 1K Wolf number 30 day
average.
3) Running average based on the quicklook and definitive Potsdam WDC ap
indices. Values in red are based on the definitive
international
GFZ Potsdam
WDC
ap indices.
4) Updated to new data set from WDC-SILSO on July 1, 2015
This report has been prepared by Jan Alvestad. It is based on the analysis of data from whatever sources are available at the time the report is prepared. All time references are to Universal Time. Comments and suggestions are always welcome.
SDO images are courtesy of NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, and HMI science teams.
